Monday, 30 May 2016

COMMON DISEASES AND THEIR PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURE

COMMON DISEASES AND THEIR PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURE

1. Classical swine fever
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious viral disease of pigs. CSF is caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae and the genus pestivirus.
SYMPTOMS
  • Acute infection
    • In acute form the pigs appear sick, inactive and drowsy with arched back. Some pigs stand with droopy head and straight tail. Huddling, vomiting, high fever anorexia and constipation. Conjunctivitis, staggering gait, posterior weakness and purple discoloration of abdominal skin
    • In last stage of the infection, pigs will become recumbent, and convulsions may occur shortly before death. Sever diarrhoea will also occur during last stages.
  • Chronic form
    • Dullness, capricious appetite, pyrexia and diarrhoea for up to 1 month. Weight loss, hair loss, dermatitis and discoloration of abdomen or ears are the other symptoms. A chronically infected pig may have a disproportionately large head relative to the small trunk.
Diagnosis
  • Based on high morbidity and mortality, high fever, diarrhoea. Kidney and lymph node lesions will help in field diagnosis.
     VACCINATION
  • Modified live vaccines (MLV) are used to control CSF.
2. SWINE INFLUENZA
  • Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral infection of pigs caused by swine influenza vius, characterized by coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, elevated rectal temperatures, lethargy, difficult breathing, depressed appetite and rarely associated with reproductive disorders such as abortion.
  • The first clinical signs are fever (40.5-41.5ºC), puffy eyes, anorexia leading to loss of weight, depression, prostration and huddling leading to weakness. These signs are followed by sudden onset of acute respiratory signs, which include paroxysmal coughing, sneezing, irregular abdominal breathing and ocular and nasal discharges.
  • In breeding stock, abortions, infertility, production of small weak litters and increased stillbirths.
PREVENTION AND COTROL
Good husbandry practices including All-in/All-out to limit the spread of the disease, provision of fresh clean drinking water, avoiding ducks and turkey contamination's/contact including staff and proper use of disinfectants to clean infected buildings.
3. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Viral disease of pigs caused by FMD virus of the genus Aphthovirus. Characterized by fever (40-40.6ºC), anorexia, reluctance to move, and scream when forced to move. These signs are followed by vesicles on the coronary band, heals, inter digital space and on the snout. Mouth lesions are not too common and when they occur are smaller and of shorter duration than in cattle and tend to be a "dry"-type lesion. There is no drooling. Sows may abort. Piglets may die without showing any clinical sign. 
DIAGNOSIS
  • Based on symptom and lesions
Control and eradication program
  • Prevention of movement of animals and animal products in the area affected.
  • Destroy carcasses
  • Disinfect vehicles leaving the infected area.
  • Perform vaccination.
1.      SWINE ERYSEPLAS
  • A bacterial disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
Symptoms
  • Erysipelas occurs in pigs of all ages, but pigs from 2 months to one year age are highly susceptible.
Acute
  • The acute disease is characterized by high fever, in appetence, depression, a rapid course of illness, and death within 2-3 days in untreated animals.
  • Some animals may show a stiff gait and reluctance to stand or move, and urticarial cutaneous lesions may develop.
  • The diamond shaped raised skin lesions are pathognomonic. Pregnant sows may abort.
Chronic
  • In the chronic form arthritis is more common.
  • The hock, stifle, elbow and carpal joints are most likely to be affected resulting in severe lameness.The mitral valves are involved in valvular endocarditis. Diamond shaped skin lesions are pathognomonic.
Diagnosis can be achieved by
  • Based on symptom and lesions
  • Gram-positive rods in acute cases and Gram-positive filaments in chronic cases. Treatment
  • In addition to hyper immune serum, treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracyclines are effective.
PIGLET MORTALITY
The major task in pig husbandry is avoiding piglet mortality and raising piglets successfully up to weaning. After weaning the mortality is comparatively less Pre-partum death may be due to deficiency of iron, which can be prevented by injection of sow with iron. Intrapartum death is due to anoxia induced by lack of placental blood flow associated with uterine contraction or premature rupture of umbilical card. This intra-partum death occurs mostly in aged sows.
Pre-weaning mortality
The pre-weaning mortality ranges between 12-30%.
Causes of mortality
Sl. No
Reasons
%
1
Still birth
17.4
2
Eaten by the sow
0.50
3
Genetic defect
1.60
4
Over laid (crushing by mother)
66.30
5
Enteritis
2.20
6
Pneumonia
0.50
7
Unknown
11.50
Starvation and overlying by the pig
70% of death is due to starvation and overlying by the sow, which can be avoided by
  1. Improving birth weight and vigor of newborn piglets 
  2. Minimizing risk of chilling or hypothermia 
  3. Minimizing agalactia
It is a part of complex condition of MMA (M= mastitis, M= metritis & A=agalactia). The MMA syndrome can involve metabolic, bacterial and hormonal factor with stress plays a part. Since its main effect is loss of milk in the first three days after farrowing, the condition contributes to piglet loss from starvation.
Reason and control of MMA
  • Elevated temperature of sow is associated with this condition, hence regular monitoring of sows rectal temperature and treatment with antibiotic and oxytocin is essential to avoid this condition. Such conditions which are not detected earlier, it can be noticed by loss of body condition of piglets and it is very difficult to recover the condition quickly. In refractory case prompt provision of an alternative source of food for piglet by foster sow or artificial feeding will minimize the loss
  • The udder and teat of sow should be dry and kept hygiene to avoid such problem
Piglet anemia
The newborn piglet has only limited reserve of iron in the liver for hemoglobin synthesis. This is due to poor placental transfer of iron to foetus. The sow milk is very low in iron and the suckling pig should be supplemented with iron during first few days to prevent piglet anaemia.
Symptom
·         Pale in the region of ears and belly
·         Listlessness
·         Rapid breathing
·         Often exhibit diarrhea
Control 
·         Placing fresh, clean earth in the piglets pen each day
·         Using soil drenched with a solution made from 500 gm ferrous sulphate, 75 gm copper sulphate and 3 litter of water
·         Daily administration of 4 ml of 1.8 percent ferrous sulphate solution
·         The daily painting of the mother’s udder with ferrous sulphate solution and sugar [0.5 kg of ferrous sulphate in 10 liter of water]

·         All these methods are labour intensive and the safest and easiest method of combating piglet anaemia is to inject the piglet with 100-150 mg of iron in the form of iron dextron 3 days after birth. If necessary a second and slightly smaller injection can be made some 3 weeks later

Techno-economic parameters considered for a pig farm

Techno-economic parameters considered for a pig farm
TECHNICAL ASPECTS

a) Animals

i) Proposed Breed

ii) Age of the animal

iii) Arrangements for vaccination, identification and health certificate

iv) Insurance

v) Cost of Boar/Sows/Pigs

b) Production parameters

i) Age at first Farrowing

ii) Farrowing interval

iii) Farrowing percentage

iv) Number of piglets produced

v) Mortality of adults/young ones

vi) Age at which piglets / fatteners are sold

vii) Body weight of animals

c) Herd projection-For big units only (with all assumptions)

d) Housing

i) Type of housing

ii) Floor space – adults / piglets / fatteners 

iii) Cost of construction

iv) Other civil structures (for commercial units)

e) Equipment needed

i) Water troughs

ii) Feeding troughs

iii) Other equipments

f) Comments on technical feasibility

g) Government restrictions, if any


4. INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES

a) Availability of animals

i) Source

ii) Place of purchase 

iii) Distance 

iv) Type of arrangements for purchase

v) Availability in required numbers

b) Feeding

i) Type of feeds

ii) Source

iii) Cost/animal/year

c) Breeding / Veterinary services

i) Source

ii) Place

iii) Distance

iv) Type of services available

v) Availability of staff

vi) Cost/animal/year

d) Marketing

i) Source for piglets, fatteners and culled animals

ii) Place

iii) Distance

iv) Price realised (Rs.per animal or Kg)

- Culls

- Piglets

- Fatteners

- Pork etc.

E) Other aspects

i) Source of technical guidance

ii) Training facilities

- Source

- Periodicity

- Duration

iii) Other Government support


F) Supervision and Monitoring arrangements available with bankA model economics for pig farming with 20 sows and 2 boars is given below. This is indicative and applicable input and output costs and the parameters observed at the field level may be incorporated


Economics of pig farming - At a glance

1
Unit size
10 Sows with 1 Boar
2
System of rearing
Semi intensive system
3
State
Karnataka
4
Unit cost ()
186,680
5
Bank loan ()
158860
6
Margin money ()
28029
7
Repayment period (years)
5 with one year grace period
8
Interest rate(%)
12
9
BCR at 15% DF
1.54:1
10
NPW at 15 % DF ()
197796
11
IRR (%)
68

Economics of pig farming - Investment cost (10 Sows + 1 Boar)

Sr.No.
Particulars
Specifications
Physical Units
Unit cost (/ unit)
Total cost ()
1
Sheds and other structures




a) Farrowing pens (4) for lactating sow
100 sft per
400 sft
70
28,000
b) Boar cum service pen
70 sft. per boar
70 sft
70
4900
c) Dry sow pens(6)
20 sft per fattener
120 sft

8400
d) Fattener shed -I
10 sft per fattener
200 sft

14000
e) Fattener shed -II
15 sft per fattener
300 sft

21000
f) Store room

100 sft
120
12000




88300
2
Water supply system (Bore well, electric motor pumpset - 1HP, water tank
Lumpsum


15000
3
Cost of equipment
Lumpsum


2000
4
Cost of breeding stock




a) Cost of sows

10
1800
18000
b) Cost of boar

1
2500
2500
5
Capitalisation of recurring expenses for first one year




a) Breeder feed cost
3 kg per boar
3.5 kg per sow 70% kitchen garbage
30% conc. feed
12208 kg
8545.25 kg
3662.25 kg
0.756
6409 14649 4
b) Weaner feed cost
0.2 kg per piglet/day
1080 kg
7
7560
c) Ist batch of fattener feed cost
1.5 kg per fattener/day 70% kitchen garbage
30% conc.feed
1890 kg
810 kg
 0.756
1418 4860
d) Insurance cost
6% of breeding stock cost


1230
e) labour wages

1
1250
15000
f) Cost of medicines etc. for breeder stock for weaners/fatteners

117 animal month 240 animal months
53
585 720
g) Misc. expenses for breeder stock for weaners/fatteners

117 animal months   240 animal months
53
585   720
6
Total financial out lay (TFO)



186861
7
Margin money @ 15% of TFO


say
28029  
8
Bank loan @ 85% of TFO


say
158831

ECONOMICS OF PIG FARMING - TECHNOECONOMIC PARAMETERS


1
No. of sows (6-7 months old)
10
2
No. of boars
1
3
No. of batches
2
4
Interval between two batches (months)
3
5
No. of farrowings per year
2
6
No. of piglets per sow per farrowing
11
7
Mortality among piglets (weaners)
20%
8
Mortality among fatteners
10%
9
Mortality among adults is not considered as insurance cover is available

10
Weaning period (months)
2
11
Space requirement (s.ft.)


Boar
70

Lactating sow with it's piglets
100

Dry sow
20

Fattener of 3-5 months age
10

Fattener of 6-8 months age
15
12
Store room (s.ft.)
100
13
Supplementary feed requirement (kg./day)


Boar
3

Sow
3.5

Weaner
0.2

Fattener (3-5 months age)
1.5

Fattener (6-8 months age)
2
14
Concentrate feed % to total feed
30
15
Kitchen garbage % to total feed
70
16
Cost of construction of sheds (/s.ft.)
75
17
Cost of construction of store room (/s.ft.)
125
18
Cost of boar ()
2500
19
Cost of sow ()
1800
20
Cost of weaner feed (/kg)
7
21
Cost of concentrate feed (/kg)
6
22
Cost of kitchen garbage (/kg)
0.75
23
Insurance (%)
6
24
Cost of medicines and vaccines


Weaner/fattener (/month)
3

Adults (/month)
5
25
Cost of power, water, other misc. expenses


Weaner/fattener (/month)
3

Adults (/month)
5
26
No. of labourers required
1
27
Labourer wages ( per month)
1250
28
No of piglets sold per sow per farrowing (2 months old)
4
29
No. of fatteners sold per sow per farrowing (8 months old)
4
30
Sale price of piglet (/piglet)
600
31
Avg. wt. of fattener (kg.)
80
32
Sale price of fattener (/fattener)
1700
33
Income from manure


Weaner/fattener (/month)
2

Adults (/month)
5
34
No. of gunny bags per ton of feed
13.3
35
Income from gunny bags (/bag)
6
36
Depreciation on sheds (%)
5
37
Depreciation on equipments etc.(%)
10
38
Margin money (%)
15
39
Interest rate (%)
12
40
Repayment period (years)
5
41
Grace period (years)
1